پژوهشنامه کلام تطبیقی شیعه
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The comprehensive concept of God has been debated in various books of the divine religions; in the Muslim Qur'an titled "Allah", in the Avesta Zoroastrian holy book entitled "Ahura Mazda"; in the Jewish holy book, Torat, entitled "Jehovah " In the Gospel of the Christian holy book, entitled "heavenly Father". The present study seeks to determine whether all of the titles refer to one fact and are completely consistent or that there are differences. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical-comparative method compares the various titles of the concept of God in the scriptures of other divine religions with the title of the concept of God in the Qur'an ("Allah") and has concluded that However, all of these titles point to one truth, and they all represent the holistic concept of God in that religion but in the scriptures of other divine religions, there are many distinctions with the Qur'an in describing the essence, attributes and verbs of God. The comprehensive concept of God in the Qur'an expresses a truth that is  unique

One of Shi'a's theological issues is the issue of Badaa, which is closely related to the divine Knowledge, due to misunderstanding of Sunni theologians, has become one of the major challenges between these two groups and in some cases leads to the attribution of immoral accusations to the  Shiaa and even to the Imams (PBUH). Abdullah al-Jumaili, a Sunni religious theologian, who writes the book in the proof of the similarity of the Shiaa to Yahood, intends to accuse Shiaa the idea of declaring God's supremacy to science after ignorance and changing in vote and will and diminishing God’s statue. Reminding Shiite beliefs in the science of God’s Knowledge before the creation, use of Badaa in the most authentic Sunni books, Al-Jamili’s improper efforts in order to prove their hypothesis,  views of contemporary Shi'i scholars regarding the meaning of the Shi'i masters of the term and the invalidity of al-Jamili's allegations clarify the necessity of this study. The author tries to provide a true and virtual concept of Badaa, listing al-Jami'ili allegations against the Shiites and reviewing the documents related to these allegations, giving proper answers to each of them Badaa, and reviewing the deficiencies in the documents

Imamate is one of the fundamental Islamic principles that many other principles are explained in the light of it. Just as the difference in the Imamate as a fundamental principle has caused some of the Islamic cults, differences in the attributes of the Imam have caused cults such as the Imamiyyah and Zaydiyah in the Shiite. Attributes such as armed uprising, infallibility, superiority, science, Imam's ancestry, and puberty are the most important differences between Imamiyyah and Zaydiyah. In this research, by using a rational method, revelation and historical narration is proven that Imamiyyah emphasizes on the unnecessity of the armed uprising of the Imam in any situation, and due to the infallibility and knowledge of the Imam, the consciousness and action of the uprising is up to the Imam. The absence of genuine Ansar, the fixed principle of preserving Islam and the right of the people, not personal rights, are the most important reasons for some Imams not to rise. But Zaydieh insists on the necessity of the Imam's armed uprising in any situation

the thoughts of society in its developments, thus examining this word is lexically and terminologically analyzed and compared to synonymous terms in a more precise and comprehensive sense. A comparative and overview of the history, historical accounts, hadith, and the Rejali used in the term Shi'a indicates semantic evolution in the meaning of Shi'a over many centuries, recognizing these developments and developments in the field, the semantic meaning of this word can indicate the relevance of the concept of the word to the scientific discourses of any age; for example, in Sunni books, we find terms such as Shiites, Tashayou, and others; From the primitive point of view, it is concluded that Shiite narrators have been widely sought after in the Sunni books, but by examining each one, we find that the word Shi'a has not been unique to Imamiyah, it has had a general meaning and several factors have led to the assignment of a narrator to the Shiites. Therefore, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the semantic changes of the word Shi'a with the approach of the history of the paradigm; It shows that the word Shi'a has been dynamic throughout history and has expanded or weakened over time and in historical developments, or in other words, it has been consistent with the thoughts of society in its developments, thus examining this The word is lexically and terminologically analyzed and compared to synonymous terms in a more precise and comprehensive sense.

Muslims share the same views on many religious, fiqh, and ethical issues. This article has attempted to address one common principle of theological religions and to bring this truth to the fore by presenting an interpretation and explanation of the religions of the most important issue of belief, monotheism and Muslims call for infidelity and dualism by calling for monotheism. This is a descriptive-analytical study and according to the type of research it has been done as a librarian. The results of the study showed that contrary to the verses and traditions that invite people to the Touhid and they call intercession and intercession instances of worship and divine closeness, The "Wahhabism " of resorting to and intercession of God's authorities is incompatible with the principle of monotheism in worship. Therefore, Ibn Taymiyyah imagines praying for intercession from his relatives and resorting to sacred spirits and so all Muslims except the people who think like him are polytheists and infidels and this has caused a sharp divide among the Islamic Ummah and Monotheism, which can be the best means of unifying the Islamic Ummah, has become a tool of division. The only way to reach divine perfection and unity is to unite the Muslims and to unite around Hibbullah and Touhid that the prophets have become for this purpose.

In the Imamiyyah belief system, the teaching of the Word of Ismat is one of the fundamental issues of the Prophet and Imamate. From the beginning, it has been the concern of Islamic scholars and scientists, with special consideration and with different approaches, especially the Shiites who regard infallibility as one of the conditions of the Imamate, and all of them have agreed on the principle of its belief, but about its realm, with different approaches have commented and disagreed. Among the approaches, two approaches have played a decisive role in the theological discourse, one the rationalist approach of Baghdad theologians, and the other the narrators approach of Qom scholars, of Sheikh Mofid theologians and Sheikh Saduq narrators as prominent personalities, each belonged to a school which was effective in the history of the Imamiyyah, were selected, in order to examine their views on the realm of infallibility, to show their commonalities and disagreements in various ways

Political Islam after the Islamic Revolution in the Islamic Republic became a concrete entity and in political marketing, the public opinion of the Islamic world became a consuming commodity for Muslims in the Muslim world who have always been frustrated, defeated, and failed in the modern age. This revolutionary reading of Islam in Iran demonstrated its practical and objective success in the form of social changes in the Islamic Revolution, systematization with the logic of the Islamic Republic that applied tradition and modernity in a balanced composition, as well as the establishment of a forty-year lasting system. But the Wahhabi rivalry model and here ISIS has stepped up its stance with the ISIS’s half-government in Iraq and Syria. This article deals with the comparative comparison of political beliefs, political ethics, and political behavior in the political system of Shiites and ISIS. Some of the comparisons are belief Comparison of the issue of Savior and Mahdism, the moral comparison of the issue of caliphate and guardianship, and the behavioral comparison of the important issue of jihad and war

Discussion of teleology, especially the question of the teleology of divine actions, is an important topic in the field of religious education, especially in the science of theology. For any active and curious mind, it is a question of whether divine actions are impersonal or not, especially in the realm of creation - which is the most important divine act. Is it possible to draw a purpose for divine creation? And if the answer is yes, what is the point? Islamic scholars have expressed different views on the teleology of the divine actions, some considering their basis on the acceptance of the intellectual goodness and rubbish knows the divine actions purposeful, and the negation of teleology of the divine actions requires many bugs that the Imamiyyah, Mu'tazilites, Matridiyeh Theologians are such groups. Others, like most Ash'aries, have rejected the purpose in the divine actions due to their refusal to accept the rule of intellectual goodness and rubbish. Other cults have elaborated on the issue. In the present article, the reasons for the views of different cults on the finality of divine actions

Philosophical analysis of revelation and divine speech is one of the religious necessities. The humanity of the words of the Holy Qur'an is an idea that has been developed for at least the third century AH to explain how the Holy Qur'an was created.  Some contemporary thinkers, such as Soroush, believe that the Qur'an cannot be an immediate creation of God due to the principle of "proportion", Rather, we should attribute the Holy Qur'an to God through the Prophet (PBUH). Accordingly, after he explained this rule, his understanding has been analyzed and criticized after explaining how he applied the principle of proportion. This question is examined in the following philosophy of the relevance of ancient events and philosophers have offered solutions to explain it. This rule does not mean that the text of the Holy Qur’an is made by anyone other than God. Given Soroush's philosophical foundations and those like him which are more in line with Sadra's philosophy, including the foundations of the constitutional unity of existence, it can be concluded that acceptance of the principle of proportion and simplicity of the nature is not essential to the being humanity of the Qur'an, and in its acceptance, also the words of the Holy Qur’an can be considered as the immediate creation of God.

The quality of life of Jesus has always been one of the most controversial issues even among Christians. In this paper, first, by documentary analysis and based on the early Christian scriptures, we have categorized three extractable views of these scriptures on the divine or natural nature of Jesus (PBUH), and then examined the perspective on Islamic scriptures. The divine nature, the divine-human nature, and the human natural nature of Jesus (PBUH) are three views that have been examined in Christian scriptures as well as the non-divine nature of Jesus (PBUH) that have been examined in Qur'anic thought. continuing with philosophical and theological analysis, we have addressed the paradoxes and some theoretical and theological difficulties facing some Christian views in areas such as "worship", "unity of the divine nature", the question of guidance, and the question of the intelligibility of God's action. The issue of "guidance" has been considered as one of the key goals of prophecy; that the biological propriety of the prophet with his audience essentially make guidance possible, and then at this possibility, it increases the possibility of fulfilling prophecy goals and favoring prophet and then the guidance, which can be extracted from the Holy Qur'an on the Prophet of Islam and the Prophets including Jesus (PBUH), and accordingly, the Prophet's invitation to the Qur'an was favored. But some Christian views that regard all or part of the nature of Jesus as divine are, theoretically and theologically: 1.the gradual realization of salvation and the concept of "guidance" throughout history, 2. the role of the human will of believers in the realization of this, and 3.The successes of the prophets are challenged in this regard, a challenge we have shown that the Qur'anic approach does not face

Al-Ghazali considered the existence of the Imam necessary to Shari'a reasoning and the consensus of the Ummah and considered it useful for the consistency of religion and the world but did not consider infallibility for the Imam. He believes that we need the Imam only in the affairs of the state and equipping the army and ... that he does not need divine knowledge to perform such tasks. He, like other Sunni followers, considers Imam to be the people's choice and introduces any claim by the Shi'a as irrelevant to the issue of Imamate and non-sequential. In his view, if the news were sequential, we would never have doubted it, while we suspected it. Thus hadiths such as the hadith of Ghadir and  Manzelat merely express respect and friendship between the Prophet (PBUH) and Ali (PBUH), and there is no reason to believe in the Imamate of Ali (PBUH).On the other hand, Khawaja Nasir has taken a stand against this view and considers the existence of the Imam to be obligatory, not on religious reasons, but based on rationality and "rule of grace" he considers it obligatory on God. He also suggests that infallibility is essential for the Imam by presenting numerous rational proofs, also, if he performs evil acts, he should be prevented from doing so, and in this case, the purpose of existence of Imam will be violated and the Imam's position will be lower than other people's; therefore, the imam must be installed by God and his messenger, and this is the Nas. However, It is also unlikely that the Prophet would be silent about such danger according to the manner of the messenger of God.